在各种现实世界应用中,组合优化问题作为混合整数线性程序(MILP)无处不在。规范的分支和结合算法通过构建越来越约束的子问题的搜索树来寻求精确解决MILP。实际上,其解决时间性能取决于启发式方法,例如选择下一个变量来约束(“分支”)。最近,机器学习(ML)已成为分支的有希望的范式。但是,先前的工作一直在努力应用强化学习(RL),理由是稀疏的奖励,艰难的探索和部分可观察性是重大挑战。取而代之的是,领先的ML方法论通过模仿学习(IL)近似高质量的手工启发式方法,这排除了新型政策的发现并需要昂贵的数据标签。在这项工作中,我们提出了复古分支。一种简单而有效的分支RL方法。通过回顾性将搜索树解构为子树中包含的多个路径,我们使代理能够从更短的轨迹中学习具有更可预测的下一步状态。在对四个组合任务的实验中,我们的方法可以在没有任何专家指导或预培训的情况下学习分支。我们的表现优于当前最新的RL分支算法,比最佳IL方法在MILPS上具有500个约束和1000个变量的最佳性能的20%以内,并验证了我们的回顾性构建轨迹对于实现的必要这些结果。
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目前,由精确的径向速度(RV)观察结果受到恒星活性引入的虚假RV信号的限制。我们表明,诸如线性回归和神经网络之类的机器学习技术可以有效地从RV观测中删除活动信号(由于星形/张图引起的)。先前的工作着重于使用高斯工艺回归等建模技术仔细地过滤活性信号(例如Haywood等人,2014年)。取而代之的是,我们仅使用对光谱线平均形状的更改进行系统地删除活动信号,也没有有关收集观测值的信息。我们对模拟数据(使用SOAP 2.0软件生成; Dumusque等人,2014年生成)和从Harps-N太阳能望远镜(Dumusque等,2015; Phillips等人2015; 2016; Collier训练)培训了机器学习模型。 Cameron等人2019)。我们发现,这些技术可以从模拟数据(将RV散射从82 cm/s提高到3 cm/s)以及从HARPS-N太阳能望远镜中几乎每天进行的600多种真实观察结果来预测和消除恒星活动(将RV散射从82 cm/s提高到3 cm/s)。 (将RV散射从1.753 m/s提高到1.039 m/s,提高了约1.7倍)。将来,这些或类似的技术可能会从太阳系以外的恒星观察中去除活动信号,并最终有助于检测到阳光状恒星周围可居住的区域质量系外行星。
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State space models (SSMs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art sequence modeling performance in some modalities, but underperform attention in language modeling. Moreover, despite scaling nearly linearly in sequence length instead of quadratically, SSMs are still slower than Transformers due to poor hardware utilization. In this paper, we make progress on understanding the expressivity gap between SSMs and attention in language modeling, and on reducing the hardware barrier between SSMs and attention. First, we use synthetic language modeling tasks to understand the gap between SSMs and attention. We find that existing SSMs struggle with two capabilities: recalling earlier tokens in the sequence and comparing tokens across the sequence. To understand the impact on language modeling, we propose a new SSM layer, H3, that is explicitly designed for these abilities. H3 matches attention on the synthetic languages and comes within 0.4 PPL of Transformers on OpenWebText. Furthermore, a hybrid 125M-parameter H3-attention model that retains two attention layers surprisingly outperforms Transformers on OpenWebText by 1.0 PPL. Next, to improve the efficiency of training SSMs on modern hardware, we propose FlashConv. FlashConv uses a fused block FFT algorithm to improve efficiency on sequences up to 8K, and introduces a novel state passing algorithm that exploits the recurrent properties of SSMs to scale to longer sequences. FlashConv yields 2$\times$ speedup on the long-range arena benchmark and allows hybrid language models to generate text 1.6$\times$ faster than Transformers. Using FlashConv, we scale hybrid H3-attention language models up to 1.3B parameters on the Pile and find promising initial results, achieving lower perplexity than Transformers and outperforming Transformers in zero- and few-shot learning on a majority of tasks in the SuperGLUE benchmark.
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With the rise in high resolution remote sensing technologies there has been an explosion in the amount of data available for forest monitoring, and an accompanying growth in artificial intelligence applications to automatically derive forest properties of interest from these datasets. Many studies use their own data at small spatio-temporal scales, and demonstrate an application of an existing or adapted data science method for a particular task. This approach often involves intensive and time-consuming data collection and processing, but generates results restricted to specific ecosystems and sensor types. There is a lack of widespread acknowledgement of how the types and structures of data used affects performance and accuracy of analysis algorithms. To accelerate progress in the field more efficiently, benchmarking datasets upon which methods can be tested and compared are sorely needed. Here, we discuss how lack of standardisation impacts confidence in estimation of key forest properties, and how considerations of data collection need to be accounted for in assessing method performance. We present pragmatic requirements and considerations for the creation of rigorous, useful benchmarking datasets for forest monitoring applications, and discuss how tools from modern data science can improve use of existing data. We list a set of example large-scale datasets that could contribute to benchmarking, and present a vision for how community-driven, representative benchmarking initiatives could benefit the field.
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A new Lossy Causal Temporal Convolutional Neural Network Autoencoder for anomaly detection is proposed in this work. Our framework uses a rate-distortion loss and an entropy bottleneck to learn a compressed latent representation for the task. The main idea of using a rate-distortion loss is to introduce representation flexibility that ignores or becomes robust to unlikely events with distinctive patterns, such as anomalies. These anomalies manifest as unique distortion features that can be accurately detected in testing conditions. This new architecture allows us to train a fully unsupervised model that has high accuracy in detecting anomalies from a distortion score despite being trained with some portion of unlabelled anomalous data. This setting is in stark contrast to many of the state-of-the-art unsupervised methodologies that require the model to be only trained on "normal data". We argue that this partially violates the concept of unsupervised training for anomaly detection as the model uses an informed decision that selects what is normal from abnormal for training. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest it also effects the models ability at generalisation. We demonstrate that models that succeed in the paradigm where they are only trained on normal data fail to be robust when anomalous data is injected into the training. In contrast, our compression-based approach converges to a robust representation that tolerates some anomalous distortion. The robust representation achieved by a model using a rate-distortion loss can be used in a more realistic unsupervised anomaly detection scheme.
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我们研究了数据驱动的深度学习方法的潜力,即从观察它们的混合物中分离两个通信信号。特别是,我们假设一个信号之一的生成过程(称为感兴趣的信号(SOI)),并且对第二个信号的生成过程不了解,称为干扰。单通道源分离问题的这种形式也称为干扰拒绝。我们表明,捕获高分辨率的时间结构(非平稳性),可以准确地同步与SOI和干扰,从而带来了可观的性能增长。有了这个关键的见解,我们提出了一种域信息神经网络(NN)设计,该设计能够改善“现成” NNS和经典检测和干扰拒绝方法,如我们的模拟中所示。我们的发现突出了特定于交流领域知识的关键作用在开发数据驱动的方法方面发挥了作用,这些方法具有前所未有的收益的希望。
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ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列,该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战,这是由于探测器的几何形状,不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收,并且低于100 GEV的光,每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战,可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形,并将图形神经网络(GNN)作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开,对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类,并重建沉积的能量,方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真,我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术,包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类,与当前的IceCube方法相比,GNN以固定的假阳性速率(FPR)提高了信号效率的18%。另外,GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8(低于半百分比)。对于能源,方向和相互作用顶点的重建,与当前最大似然技术相比,分辨率平均提高了13%-20%。当在GPU上运行时,GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件,这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。
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我们研究了单通道源分离(SCSS)的问题,并专注于环化信号,这些信号特别适用于各种应用领域。与经典的SCSS方法不同,我们考虑了一个仅可用源的示例而不是模型的设置,从而激发了数据驱动的方法。对于具有基本环化高斯成分的源模型,我们为任何基于模型或数据驱动的分离方法建立了可达到的均方误差(MSE)的下限。我们的分析进一步揭示了最佳分离和相关实施挑战的操作。作为一种计算吸引力的替代方案,我们建议使用U-NET体系结构进行深度学习方法,该方法与最低MSE估计器具有竞争力。我们在模拟中证明,有了合适的域信息架构选择,我们的U-NET方法可以通过大幅减少的计算负担来达到最佳性能。
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脑小血管疾病的成像标记提供了有关脑部健康的宝贵信息,但是它们的手动评估既耗时又受到实质性内部和间际变异性的阻碍。自动化评级可能受益于生物医学研究以及临床评估,但是现有算法的诊断可靠性尚不清楚。在这里,我们介绍了\ textIt {血管病变检测和分割}(\ textit {v textit {where valdo?})挑战,该挑战是在国际医学图像计算和计算机辅助干预措施(MICCAI)的卫星事件中运行的挑战(MICCAI) 2021.这一挑战旨在促进大脑小血管疾病的小而稀疏成像标记的自动检测和分割方法的开发,即周围空间扩大(EPVS)(任务1),脑微粒(任务2)和预先塑造的鞋类血管起源(任务3),同时利用弱和嘈杂的标签。总体而言,有12个团队参与了针对一个或多个任务的解决方案的挑战(任务1 -EPVS 4,任务2 -Microbleeds的9个,任务3 -lacunes的6个)。多方数据都用于培训和评估。结果表明,整个团队和跨任务的性能都有很大的差异,对于任务1- EPV和任务2-微型微型且对任务3 -lacunes尚无实际的结果,其结果尤其有望。它还强调了可能阻止个人级别使用的情况的性能不一致,同时仍证明在人群层面上有用。
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预测编码网络(PCN)旨在学习世界的生成模型。给定观察结果,可以倒入该生成模型以推断这些观察结果的原因。但是,当训练PCNS时,通常会观察到明显的病理学,而推理精度峰值峰值,然后通过进一步的训练下降。这不能通过过度拟合来解释,因为训练和测试准确性同时降低。在这里,我们对这种现象进行了彻底的研究,并表明它是由PCN层面各个层之间的速度之间的不平衡引起的。我们证明,可以通过在每一层的重量矩阵正规化:限制矩阵奇异值的相对大小来防止这一点,我们允许重量矩阵改变,但限制了一层可以对其邻居产生的整体影响。我们还证明,通过仅限制权重的更加合理和简单的方案,可以实现类似的效果。
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